MODELS OF CURRICULUM

Hello 😃😃

Today I'm going to share about the models of curriculum in education. 

WHAT IS CURRICULUM?

• Curriculum is design plan for learning that requires the purposeful and proactive organization, sequencing, and management of the interactions among the teacher, the students, and the content knowledge we want students to acquire.

WHAT IS A CURRICULUM MODEL?

• A model is a format for curriculum design development to meet unique needs, context, and purposes. 
• In order to address these goals, curriculum developers design, reconfigure, or rearrange one or more key curriculum components.

There are four models of curriculum in educational context. 

1.  FRANKLIN BOBBITT (1876-1956)

• Curriculum should start with outlining what the student needs to know (objectives) 
• Next it was necessary to develop activities that the students do to achieve the objective.  
• Emphasized having students complete activities in order to learning. 
• Heavily influenced by behaviorism with their focus on observable change. 
• Brought this idea of observable change into education in his development of objectives. 
• Developed guidelines for developing objective (see below):- 
• Objectives should be practical 
• Objectives should prepare students for adulthood  
• Involve the community in developing objectives  
• Sequence objectives by grade level

2. CHARTERS (1875-1952)

• A behaviorist like Bobbitt. 
• Developed a method for selecting objectives based on social needs. 
• After developing or selecting objectives, Charters encouraged analysis to see how objectives are applied in the classroom. 
• This idea of assessing the implementation of objectives providing the groundwork for curriculum evaluation. 
• Saw curriculum as a collection of goals that the students needed to achieve in order to have competency. 
• Advocated four steps of curriculum construction: 
• Selecting objectives 
• Dividing them into ideals and activities 
• Analyzing them to the limits of working units

BOBBITT & CHARTERS

• Introduced the idea of objectives. The concept of objectives would blossom into goals, aims, standards, learning outcomes, indicators, and benchmarks. 
• Introduced the idea of learning experiences. These are the things the students do to learn. Again this led to such concepts as experiential learning, hands-on activities, authentic assessment, and more. Action-based learning is the norm today. 
• Bobbitt and Charters were some of the first proponents of consulting the community in developing curriculum. In other words, a needs assessment was necessary before determining what to teach. Consulting stakeholders is now considered best practice in education.

3. RALPH TYLER (1902-1994)

• Approach to curriculum:
• Determine the school’s purpose* 
• Identify educational experiences related to those purposes* 
• Ascertain how the experiences are organized 
• Evaluate the purposes*
  *objectives
  

4. HILDA TABA (1902-1967)

• Her model known as Grassroots Rationale
• Grassroots model SEVEN major steps:
• Diagnosis of needs 
• The teacher (curriculum designer) identifies the needs of the students for the whom the curriculum is being planned.
•  Formulation of objectives 
• The teacher specifies objectives. 
• Selection of content 
• The objectives suggest the curriculum’s content. The objectives and content should match. 
• Organization of content 
• The teacher organizes the content into sequence, taking into consideration learner’s maturity, academic achievement and interests.
• Selection of learning experiences 
• The teacher selects instructional methods that engage the students with the content. 
• Organization of learning activities 
• The teacher organizes the learning activities into a sequence, often determined by content. The teacher must be bear in mind the particular students who will be taught. 
• Evaluation and means of evaluation 
• The curriculum planner determines which objectives have been accomplished. Students and teachers must consider evaluation processes.